Links Top Level Elements Executors Connectors Containers Nested Components Cluster Elements Other | The Manager Component| Introduction |
The Manager element represents the session
manager that will be used to create and maintain HTTP sessions
as requested by the associated web application.
A Manager element MAY be nested inside a
Context component. If it is not included,
a default Manager configuration will be created automatically, which
is sufficient for most requirements, — see
Standard Manager Implementation below for the details
of this configuration.
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| Attributes |
| Common Attributes |
All implementations of Manager
support the following attributes:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
className |
Java class name of the implementation to use. This class must
implement the org.apache.catalina.Manager interface.
If not specified, the standard value (defined below) will be used.
| distributable |
Set to true to ask the session manager to enforce
the restrictions described in the Servlet Specification on
distributable applications (primarily, this would mean that all
session attributes must implement java.io.Serializable).
Set to false (the default) to not enforce these
restrictions.
NOTE - The value for this property is inherited
automatically based on the presence or absence of the
<distributable> element in the web application
deployment descriptor (/WEB-INF/web.xml).
| maxActiveSessions |
The maximum number of active sessions that will be created by
this Manager, or -1 (the default) for no limit.
When the limit is reached, any attempt to create a new session
(e.g. with HttpServletRequest.getSession() call)
will fail with an IllegalStateException.
| maxInactiveInterval |
The initial maximum time interval, in seconds,
between client requests before a session is invalidated. A negative value
will result in sessions never timing out. If the attribute is not provided,
a default of 1800 seconds (30 minutes) is used.
This attribute provides the initial value whenever a
new session is created, but the interval may be dynamically
varied by a servlet via the
setMaxInactiveInterval method of the HttpSession object.
| sessionIdLength |
The length of session ids created by this Manager, measured in bytes,
excluding subsequent conversion to a hexadecimal string and
excluding any JVM route information used for load balancing.
The default is 16.
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| Standard Implementation |
Tomcat provides two standard implementations of Manager
for use — the default one stores active sessions, while the optional one
stores active sessions that have been swapped out (in addition to saving
sessions across a restart of Tomcat) in a storage location that is selected
via the use of an appropriate Store nested element.
Standard Manager Implementation
The standard implementation of Manager is
org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager.
It supports the following additional attributes (in addition to the
common attributes listed above):
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
pathname |
Absolute or relative (to the work directory for this Context)
pathname of the file in which session state will be preserved
across application restarts, if possible. The default is
"SESSIONS.ser".
See
Persistence Across Restarts
for more information. This persistence may be
disabled by setting this attribute to an empty string.
| processExpiresFrequency |
Frequency of the session expiration, and related manager operations.
Manager operations will be done once for the specified amount of
backgroundProcess calls (i.e., the lower the amount, the more often the
checks will occur). The minimum value is 1, and the default value is 6.
| secureRandomClass |
Name of the Java class that extends
java.security.SecureRandom to use to generate session IDs.
If not specified, the default value is
java.security.SecureRandom.
| secureRandomProvider |
Name of the provider to use to create the
java.security.SecureRandom instances that generate session
IDs. If an invalid algorithm and/or provider is specified, the Manager
will use the platform default provider and the default algorithm. If not
specified, the platform default provider will be used.
| secureRandomAlgorithm |
Name of the algorithm to use to create the
java.security.SecureRandom instances that generate session
IDs. If an invalid algorithm and/or provider is specified, the Manager
will use the platform default provider and the default algorithm. If not
specified, the default algorithm of SHA1PRNG will be used. If the
default algorithm is not supported, the platform default will be used.
To specify that the platform default should be used, do not set the
secureRandomProvider attribute and set this attribute to the empty
string.
|
Persistent Manager Implementation
NOTE: You must set either the
org.apache.catalina.session.StandardSession.ACTIVITY_CHECK or
org.apache.catalina.STRICT_SERVLET_COMPLIANCE
system properties to true for
the persistent manager to work correctly.
The persistent implementation of Manager is
org.apache.catalina.session.PersistentManager. In
addition to the usual operations of creating and deleting sessions, a
PersistentManager has the capability to swap active (but
idle) sessions out to a persistent storage mechanism, as well as to save
all sessions across a normal restart of Tomcat. The actual persistent
storage mechanism used is selected by your choice of a
Store element nested inside the Manager
element - this is required for use of PersistentManager.
This implementation of Manager supports the following attributes in
addition to the Common Attributes
described earlier.
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
className |
It has the same meaning as described in the
Common Attributes above.
You must specify
org.apache.catalina.session.PersistentManager to use
this manager implementation.
| maxIdleBackup |
The time interval (in seconds) since the last access to a session
before it is eligible for being persisted to the session store, or
-1 to disable this feature. By default, this feature is
disabled.
| maxIdleSwap |
The time interval (in seconds) since the last access to a session
before it should be persisted to the session store, and
passivated out of the server's memory, or -1 to disable
this feature. If this feature is enabled, the time interval specified
here should be equal to or longer than the value specified for
maxIdleBackup. By default, this feature is disabled.
| minIdleSwap |
The time interval (in seconds) since the last access to a session
before it will be eligible to be persisted to the session store, and
passivated out of the server's memory, or -1 for this
swapping to be available at any time. If specified, this value should
be less than that specified by maxIdleSwap. By default,
this value is set to -1.
| processExpiresFrequency |
It is the same as described above for the
org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager class.
| saveOnRestart |
Should all sessions be persisted and reloaded when Tomcat is shut
down and restarted (or when this application is reloaded)? By default,
this attribute is set to true.
| secureRandomClass |
It is the same as described above for the
org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager class.
| secureRandomProvider |
It is the same as described above for the
org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager class.
| secureRandomAlgorithm |
It is the same as described above for the
org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager class.
|
In order to successfully use a PersistentManager, you must nest inside
it a <Store> element, as described below.
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|
| Nested Components |
Standard Manager Implementation
If you are using the Standard Manager Implementation
as described above, no elements may be nested inside your
<Manager> element.
Persistent Manager Implementation
If you are using the Persistent Manager Implementation
as described above, you MUST nest a
<Store> element inside, which defines the
characteristics of the persistent data storage. Two implementations
of the <Store> element are currently available,
with different characteristics, as described below.
File Based Store
The File Based Store implementation saves swapped out
sessions in individual files (named based on the session identifier)
in a configurable directory. Therefore, you are likely to encounter
scalability problems as the number of active sessions increases, and
this should primarily be considered a means to easily experiment.
To configure this, add a <Store> nested inside
your <Manager> element with the following attributes:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
checkInterval |
The interval (in seconds) between checks for expired sessions
among those sessions that are currently swapped out. By default,
this interval is set to 60 seconds (one minute).
| className |
Java class name of the implementation to use. This class must
implement the org.apache.catalina.Store interface. You
must specify
org.apache.catalina.session.FileStore
to use this implementation.
| directory |
Absolute or relative (to the temporary work directory for this web
application) pathname of the directory into which individual session
files are written. If not specified, the temporary work directory
assigned by the container is utilized.
|
JDBC Based Store
The JDBC Based Store implementation saves swapped out
sessions in individual rows of a preconfigured table in a database
that is accessed via a JDBC driver. With large numbers of swapped out
sessions, this implementation will exhibit improved performance over
the File Based Store described above.
To configure this, add a <Store> nested inside
your <Manager> element with the following attributes:
| Attribute | Description |
|---|
checkInterval |
The interval (in seconds) between checks for expired sessions
among those sessions that are currently swapped out. By default,
this interval is set to 60 seconds (one minute).
| className |
Java class name of the implementation to use. This class must
implement the org.apache.catalina.Store interface. You
must specify
org.apache.catalina.session.JDBCStore
to use this implementation.
| connectionURL |
The connection URL that will be handed to the configured JDBC
driver to establish a connection to the database containing our
session table.
| dataSourceName |
Name of the JNDI resource for a JDBC DataSource-factory. If this option
is given and a valid JDBC resource can be found, it will be used and any
direct configuration of a JDBC connection via connectionURL
and driverName will be ignored. Since this code uses prepared
statements, you might want to configure pooled prepared statements as
shown in the JNDI resources
HOW-TO.
| driverName |
Java class name of the JDBC driver to be used.
| sessionAppCol |
Name of the database column, contained in the specified session
table, that contains the Engine, Host, and Web Application Context
name in the format /Engine/Host/Context.
| sessionDataCol |
Name of the database column, contained in the specified
session table, that contains the serialized form of all session
attributes for a swapped out session. The column type must accept
a binary object (typically called a BLOB).
| sessionIdCol |
Name of the database column, contained in the specified
session table, that contains the session identifier of the
swapped out session. The column type must accept character
string data of at least as many characters as are contained
in session identifiers created by Tomcat (typically 32).
| sessionLastAccessedCol |
Name of the database column, contained in the specified
session table, that contains the lastAccessedTime
property of this session. The column type must accept a
Java long (64 bits).
| sessionMaxInactiveCol |
Name of the database column, contained in the specified
session table, that contains the maxInactiveInterval
property of this session. The column type must accept a
Java integer (32 bits).
| sessionTable |
Name of the database table to be used for storing swapped out
sessions. This table must contain (at least) the database columns
that are configured by the other attributes of this element.
| sessionValidCol |
Name of the database column, contained in the specified
session table, that contains a flag indicating whether this
swapped out session is still valid or not. The column type
must accept a single character.
|
Before attempting to use the JDBC Based Store for the first time,
you must create the table that will be used to store swapped out sessions.
Detailed SQL commands vary depending on the database you are using, but
a script like this will generally be required:
 | | | |
create table tomcat_sessions (
session_id varchar(100) not null primary key,
valid_session char(1) not null,
max_inactive int not null,
last_access bigint not null,
app_name varchar(255),
session_data mediumblob,
KEY kapp_name(app_name)
);
| | | | |
In order for the JDBC Based Store to successfully connect to your
database, the JDBC driver you configure must be visible to Tomcat's
internal class loader. Generally, that means you must place the JAR
file containing this driver into the $CATALINA_HOME/lib
directory.
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| Special Features |
| Persistence Across Restarts |
Whenever Apache Tomcat is shut down normally and restarted, or when an
application reload is triggered, the standard Manager implementation
will attempt to serialize all currently active sessions to a disk
file located via the pathname attribute. All such saved
sessions will then be deserialized and activated (assuming they have
not expired in the mean time) when the application reload is completed.
In order to successfully restore the state of session attributes,
all such attributes MUST implement the java.io.Serializable
interface. You MAY cause the Manager to enforce this restriction by
including the <distributable> element in your web
application deployment descriptor (/WEB-INF/web.xml).
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| Disable Session Persistence |
As documented above, every web application by default has
standard manager implementation configured, and it performs session
persistence across restarts. To disable this persistence feature, create
a Context configuration file for your web
application and add the following element there:
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